Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay The religious group is chose was Jehovah’s Witnesses. I did some online research and also asked my children’s Foster Mother, Regina Metzger the questions. I wanted to see what the differences of what I found online and what she said the beliefs were. So this is a mixture of what I got from my online sources and what she said. Jehovah’s Witnesses differ from other religious groups because they believe that their entire bible is the inspired word of god, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold to their bible as the standard for all their beliefs. Based on their bible, they believe that Jesus Christ is son of god, the first of god’s creations, that he had a pre-human existence and that his life was transformed from heaven to the womb of a virgin. They believe that god’s kingdom is the only hope for mankind. They are many different nationalities. They have no prejudices against any race or color. Their worship is through prayer, meetings and telling others about their bible. They believe that their bible is the inspired word of God, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold their bible as the standard. The experience of the Jehovah’s Witnesses that other religious groups do not share is that they are viewed with moral standards that coincide with their bible. They are law abiding citizens that respect authority. They show, what they believe is, genuine Christian love to their neighbors. For example, let’s say there are two girls. One of which is a Jehovah Witness and one that is not. They both were asked to spit on the American Flag. In this situation, the Jehovah’s Witness won’t and the other would. One might ask â€Å"Why don’t you spit on the flag even though you don’t solute it? † The answer from the Johana’s Witness would be simply, â€Å"I don’t pledge my allegiance to the flag, but I wouldn’t disrespect it either. † They are neutral. Jehovah’s Witnesses contribute to the American Culture because they feel they are the advocates of their God’s kingdom. They are not of the political, economic, or social system of any nation of the old world. They did have their modern day start in the United States. They do pay taxes, which means they work regular jobs just like any other person. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not interfere with what others do about sharing in patriotic ceremonies. Like, sharing in the armed forces and joining a political party or even voting. They worship their god only. They believe that if Christians under one nation go to war against another nation they would be fighting against fellow believers. They believe that fighting against the same people who prayed for help to the same god is wrong. That is why they won’t go to war and will serve time in jail or prison to avoid killing their Christian brothers and sisters. However they are not afraid to die for their faith. If they are threatened with death or to renounce their faith, they will die for what they believe in. I know that before my children went into foster care I had limited information on what Jehovah’s Witnesses were all about. I was under the impression that they only went house to house on Saturdays knocking on doors. I thought they were annoying. Feeling like everywhere I went I was approached by one saying that they are the only true word of God, when I thought my god was. I learned quickly that everyone has a different idea of what their God was. Jehovah’s witnesses have been known to not celebrate holidays like birthdays, Christmas, or thanksgiving. I would use their religion as a type of threat toward my children saying â€Å"If you don’t knock it off we will become Jehovah’s Witness and then you won’t get presents during birthdays or holidays. † Since, my children are in a home with this as the main religion and belief system, I feel like I should apologize to them because I must have sounded like a bigot. I think that the discrimination and stereotyping that Jehovah’s Witnesses experience comes from a lack of understanding by anyone of a different belief. I think that what I have learned about this religious group did help me understand it. It helped me to realize that Jehovah’s Witnesses, like any other religion, just want to show everyone that what they believe is not bad. They want to show what their religion means. They want the same as others do, the belief that you can be saved by a god. The racial/ethnic group that I chose is the Pacific Islanders. I chose this group because I don’t know nothing about it. I think getting information on this group will be extremely interesting. Pacific Islanders are from many different places. American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Mariana Islands, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, and the Independent State of Western Samoa. (http://www. pica-org. org/websurf/websurf. html). In 2011 there were approximately 1,371,564 Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders who live within the United States. They significantly reside in California, Washington, Utah, Texas, New York, Texas, and Florida. They make up about . 4% of the U. S. Population (http://minorityhealth. hhs. gov/templates/browse. aspx? lvl=2lvlID=71) On May 29, 2013 President Obama spoke about AAPI (Asian-American and Pacific Islander) Heritage Month. (http://www. whitehouse. gov/administration/eop/aapi/blog) I thought that was very interesting. He talked about his Pacific Islander ethnic background. He said: â€Å"We value these voices because from the very beginning, ours has been a nation of immigrants; a nation challenged and shaped and push ever forward by diverse perspectives and fresh thinking. And in order to keep our edge and stay ahead in the global race, we need to figure out a way to fix our broken immigration system-to welcome that infusion of newness, while still maintaining the enduring strength of our laws. And the service and the leadership of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have proved that point in time and again. † Listening to him give a speech about the greatness of Pacific Islanders made me appreciate that ethnic group even more. Pacific Islanders speak over 100 different languages and come from more than 56 ethnic groups. (http://www. cdc.gov/features/aapiheritagemonth/). They are parts of many different religions. Like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Growing up in my church there were many Pacific Islanders members of our church. I can remember many of them having big families with many children. The Pacific Islanders do many things to contribute to American Culture. They contribute by working jobs. 7. 4 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are employed in the United States. They make up 5. 3% of the total workforce in the United States. About 300,000 workers are Pacific Islanders. (http://www. cepr. net/index.php/publications/reports/diversity-and-change July 2011, Hye Jin Rho, John Schmitt, Nicole Woo, Lucia Lin and Kent Wong) Like many other cultures, they bring their delicious foods. They have a multitude of food from different countries. They bring that all to the table here in the United States. Although some of them have changed their diets to a more of an American way of eating, some still eat the foods of their lands. Throughout history, there has been many instances of racism and sexism toward Pacific Islanders in the United States Pacific Islanders continue to face oppression, racism, and discrimination in the United States. Since Pacific Islanders have a higher rate of diabetes they were charged higher rates for health insurance. The Affordable Care Act Will be a very good change for Pacific Islanders. They are known to suffer from higher rates of all types of circular diseases like, stroke, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. They also have the highest rates of obesity. The Affordable Care Act will change it so that it will be easier to get health care for them. Some states have had an English-only type of initiative. They seem to be for people who only speak English. I had no idea they were even allowed by law. It seems as though that people find ways to discriminate even with the laws that have been put in place. Just because some people cannot speak any other language, besides English. For them everything needs to be in English and no other language. About a century before, European-Americans did not allow people who didn’t speak English to learn English because they were afraid that they would become a minority. They were afraid of being â€Å"out-smarted† by others. They didn’t want to have to compete for fear of losing. I don’t believe this is fair. That is why I am glad there are some many laws coming into effect as well as more to come to make this country an even better place. (http://aspe. hhs. gov/health/reports/2012/ACAAsianAmericansPacificIslanders/rb. shtml) Most European Americans have discriminated against Pacific Islanders because they didn’t know English. The European Americans were afraid that if the Pacific Islanders learned English they would exceed them in many ways. They would become the minority. Many of the European Americans were believed to be threatened by this. I think I now have a better understanding of what it is like to be a Pacific Islander. The discrimination they have faced has seemed to make them a stronger people. I am happy to have them as part of my country. In conclusion, both Jehovah’s Witnesses and The Pacific Islander, people have experienced a discrimination that seems to have happened because of people who do not understand what they go through daily. They both seem to succeed in their lives because of the discrimination they have experienced. The Jehovah’s Witnesses hold up to their beliefs like the Pacific Islanders stand strong with their ethnic background. They are different because one is a religion and one is an ethnic group. An ethnic group is a group of people who have the same customs or origin. A religion is a belief in a god or a group of gods. I think that both the Pacific Islanders and the Jehovah’s Witnesses get discriminated against because of a lack of understanding.

Conversations of Nanko and Konan :: Writing Education Communication Essays

Conversations of Nanko and Konan Nanko: Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Nanko. Talking with me is my colleague and friend, Konan. Say hello, Konan. Konan: Hello, Konan. Nanko: No, I mean say hello to the reader. Konan: Hello to the reader! Nanko: Perfect. Konan: Thank you. Nanko: Prior to your arrival (your meaning you, the reader,) Konan and I were having a little discussion. In reality, I was doing all the discussing in this conversation because I was, to put it bluntly, complaining vigorously. Konan: Most vigorously. Nanko: Yes, thank you for the affirmation, Konan. As I was saying, my complaining was the reality of the discussion. What was the reason of these incessant complaints, you might ask? An English professor from whom I am taking a course entitled "Expository Writing." Konan: Yes, that was the basis of your complaints. Nanko: Of course, these complaints are in no way directed at the professor himself. No, no, no. In fact, he seems like an affable man. Rather, these complaints relate to his latest assignment given to the students of his "Expository Writing" class. Konan: I would have to agree that you are in no way slighting this particular professor, only his expectations held for you. Nanko: Yes, I like the first half of your statement, but what is meant by the latter half? Konan: In saying expectations I refer to the assignment he has given you. Nanko: You have confused me. By using the term "expectations," do you mean the professor's expectation that a paper will be handed-in to him on this exact due date of December 16, and, if not, this paper will go down in its score with every late day thereafter? Or do you refer to a "higher form" of expectation, such as a teacher to a student and the process of learning and gaining knowledge through stimuli, created by the teacher, of thought? Konan: I, uh, would have to agree. Nanko: Let us return later to this; now, let me tell of this assignment. This professor is asking for a paper written unlike any I, personally, have ever written before. He wants us, as writers, to do away with "themewriting" altogether and write in a different style or form. However, as you can see, I have started to panic. I have never written an essay or paper in any form other than "themewriting." I have no idea where to begin, how to continue, or where to conclude.

Managerial Accounting Essay

Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting. Identify the three broad functions of management. Define the three classes of manufacturing costs. Distinguish between product and period costs. Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income statement. Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined. Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheet. Identify trends in managerial accounting. Managerial accounting is a field of accounting that provides economic and financial information for managers and other internal users. (b) Mary is incorrect. Managerial accounting applies to all types of businesses—service, merchandising, and manufacturing. (a) Financial accounting is concerned primarily with external users such as stockholders, creditors, and regulators. In contrast, managerial accounting is concerned primarily with internal users such as officers and managers. Financial statements are the end product of financial accounting. The statements are prepared quarterly and annually. In managerial accounting, internal reports may be prepared as frequently as needed. The purpose of financial accounting is to provide general-purpose information for all users. The purpose of managerial accounting is to provide special-purpose information for specific decisions. 2. (b) (c) 3. Differences in the content of the reports are as follows: Financial †¢ Pertains to business as a whole and is highly aggregated. †¢ Limited to double-entry accounting and cost data. †¢ Generally accepted accounting principles. Managerial †¢ Pertains to subunits of the business and may be very detailed. Extends beyond double-entry accounting system to any relevant data. †¢ Standard is relevance to decisions. In financial accounting, financial statements are verified annually through an independent audit by certified public accountants. There are no independent audits of internal reports issued by managerial accountants. 4. Budgets are prepared by companies to provide future direction. Because the budget is also used as an evaluation tool, some managers try to game the budgeting process by underestimating their division’s predicted performance so that it will be easier to meet their performance targets. On the other hand, if the budget is set at unattainable levels, managers sometimes take unethical actions to meet targets to receive higher compensation or in some cases to keep their jobs. Karen should know that the management of an organization performs three broad functions: (1) Planning requires management to look ahead and to establish objectives. (2) Directing involves coordinating the diverse activities and human resources of a company to produce a smooth-running operation. (3) Controlling is the process of keeping the company’s activities on track. Disagree. Decision making is not a separate management function. Rather, decision making involves the exercise of good judgment in performing the three management functions explained in the answer to question five above. Employees with line positions are directly involved in the company’s primary revenue generating operating activities. Examples would include plant managers and supervisors, and the vice president of operations. In contrast, employees with staff positions are not directly involved in revenuegenerating operating activities, but rather serve in a support capacity to line employees. Examples include employees in finance, legal, and human resources. 5. 6. 7. 1-4 Copyright  © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Weygandt, Managerial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) Questions Chapter 1 (Continued) 8. CEOs and CFOs must now certify that financial statements give a fair presentation of the company’s operating results and its financial condition and that the company maintains an adequate system of internal controls. In addition, the composition of the board of directors and audit committees receives more scrutiny, and penalties for misconduct have increased. The differences between income statements are in the computation of the cost of goods sold as follows: Manufacturing company: Merchandising company: 10. Beginning finished goods inventory plus cost of goods manufactured minus ending finished goods inventory = cost of goods sold. Beginning merchandise inventory plus cost of goods purchased minus ending merchandise inventory = cost of goods sold. 9. The difference in balance sheets pertains to the presentation of inventories in the current asset section. In a merchandising company, only merchandise inventory is shown. In a manufacturing company, three inventory accounts are shown: finished goods, work in process, and raw materials. Manufacturing costs are classified as either direct materials, direct labor, or manufacturing overhead. No, Matt is not correct. The distinction between direct and indirect materials is based on two criteria: (1) physical association and (2) the convenience of making the physical association. Materials which can not be easily associated with the finished product are considered indirect materials. Product costs, or inventoriable costs, are costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the finished product.

Poverty during the French Revolution Essay

France’s history is peppered with enthusiasm of the good life. Just as the French are known for their passionate nature, so too are the events that constitute France’s socio-political history. Many of France’s great thinkers have contributed a number of concepts that are used in modern society such as the concept of property and the state. However, the country’s most notable contribution is its historical accounts of successful revolutions since it has inspired other countries to follow the same route. During the late 17th century, France’s budding economy was reaping the benefits of capitalism; the state of its people in general was not in good condition, particularly those who lived in the rural areas. This has led many of its destitute citizens to question the direction of the monarch’s rule and its intention to stay in power. As a result, people from the bourgeoisie and the urban poor had opted to go against the oppressive ruling classes in the hopes of toppling down the power and distributing it to the people, creating a balanced society. Still, after countless revolutions and reform programs, the destitute were still large in numbers, whilst the ruling classes remained to be in control of all the changes proposed during the reformation. The outcome of such revolutionized efforts in the old regime has brought into light the grounds to which extremist ideas did not seem to help the poor in France win the battle over property and human rights. The impoverished citizens in France constitute a large part of the population. In William Doyle’s book The Oxford History of the French Revolution, it was noted that 20 million people are found in the rural areas, accounting for about 90 % to 95 % of the population. About 80 % were said to have resided in villages of 2,000 or less during the reign of Louis XVI. This was due to the fact that in the past, the French society had practiced the concept of feudalism in managing the lands, dividing its citizens by three orders: the clergy, nobility and commoners. The clergy was the overseer of most of the lands though they share land entitlements with the nobility or the upper classes. The commoners were said to have been the general poor who worked for the nobles and clergy. They are not given the right to own the land as they are considered as property of their masters. This kind of stratification was already marked in birth, and is one of the triggers that fueled the French revolution since the tension created in the communities where specific privileges were bestowed upon certain individuals or groups isolated the peasant majority. At the onset of capitalism in the country, overseas trade became the forerunner that pushed the country into expanding its economy, which was set for its long-term development. Though progression has given opportunities for the poor to obtain work, especially in the urban areas, it did little to uplift the poverty rate since most often; a strict criterion was enforced that limited those who could avail the jobs in the cities. The wages were also not reasonable enough to sustain the living of most workers since the bourgeoisie class controlled most of the profits earned in their businesses and are often only circulated amongst them. In Doyle’s book, the inconsistency of the price increases in bread was said to have caused riots in the urban communities since most of the urban poor depended upon bread for their diets. This has led many of the urban workers to protest and instigate revolts against the factory owners. In effect, most of the urban poor suffered from poor health since the environment and the working conditions in which they were subjected to were not beneficial to them. After the onslaught of the bourgeoisie revolution that took over Bastilles, the peasant majority started to hope for the attainment of social inequity since they thought that most of the middle classes shared the same sentiments but they did not foresee that the change brought about by the revolution would still not favor them. In reference to Lynn Hunt’s book The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, the commencement of the French revolution gave way to the establishment of a new set of laws that was inclusive of the marginalized poor. In 1789, a National Assembly was conducted in response to the growing chaos that had swept the country’s social systems wherein it discussed injustices experienced by both the rural and urban poor. Propositions to the King were made via the Estates-General elections, which was aided by the representatives from the three different class orders to determine the distributions of the land. However, the discussion did not reach a consensus as most of them could not agree on how to vote and what is deemed to be viable for the community. The following year, a Civil Constitution for the Clergy was administered, which intended to obtain the church lands that accounted for about 10 % of whole land area of the country. This did not sit well with most of the clergy as they did not want to give up the privileges accorded to them, harboring great resentment from the peasantry. The assembly also argued about the technicalities that comprise legal rights wherein a distinction is made between active citizens, who were granted full rights to vote and hold office, and passive citizens who were under the same laws, but could not vote or hold office. While the three order division was not being considered, another form of class stratification took its place, as it determined the status of a citizen based on one’s income level, gender, race, religion, and profession. To add more insult to injury, the Le Chapelier Law of 1791 further differentiated workers from property owners. This action was said to have banned worker associations or unions from developing since the upper and middle classes thought it would be a hindrance to national unity. According to Boyle, the reluctance for distributing power to the poor communities was due to the likelihood of widespread fear of further unrest. Another reason was said to have been inclined to those who understood the aims of the enlightenment since they believe that only those who are knowledgeable could be trusted to exercise reason, or to think for themselves. Furthermore, many of those free-thinking nobilities argued that economic-based perceptions of the workers mirrored corporate guilds which would encumber individual freedom. The role that poverty has played at the beginning of the French revolution was used mostly as a tool for the bourgeoisie to control the finances of the country. The revolution was used as a means to an end, not as an end in itself, which offered the peasantry as bait in the scheme of things. While the revolution did produce a great deal of change for the state of France, the presence of the bourgeoisie and the stance of the few privileged has contributed to the stagnation of what the revolution could have been.

Thoughts on Extrajudicial Killings and Unexplained Essays - Crime

Thoughts on Extrajudicial Killings and Unexplained Essays - Crime Thoughts on Extrajudicial Killings and Unexplained Disappearances by : PJ Ruben T. Reyes and J. Mariano C. Del Castillo Sadly, the Philippines in the eyes of the international community has a very poor human rights record due to its alarming incidence of extrajudicial killings and unexplained disappearances/abductions of private individuals without anyone being held accountable. And now, various sectors of the society are prodded to seek for viable solutions to address the poor human rights problems of the country. We sincerely believe that the root of the problem is not really much on the laws related to curbing and punishing human rights violators. Actually, it has always been the implementation of these laws. As part of the judicial institution whose power is drawn from the pen, we are here to present some issues to be mulled over. 1. There is a need for a clear-cut definition of what extrajudicial killing' is, for homicide and murder are extrajudicial killings' too. The name is a misnomer since every killing, outside of the death penalty, is extrajudicial. Shouldn't the crime be called a political killing' instead? When will a case fall under extrajudicial killings' in order that the special court can assume jurisdiction? Thus, the motive must be determined during investigation. This is relevant in the light of the existence of special courts to handle such cases. A categorical definition would pinpoint who are to be held liable and who are the victims. An international NGO observed that such extrajudicial killings' in the Philippines show a common pattern: "Surveillance and threats to the victims presumptively by officers; Finding their names in an "Order of Battle" by military commanders; Victim has an affiliation with lawful activist or leftist movements and political parties (including labor , journalism, women, peasants, environmental and other sectors); Assassination (often in front of the families and friends) by hooded persons often driving motorbikes or unlicensed vehicles; Scant investigation; Witness intimidation and sometimes witness murder." The above traits, however, may also be present in killings made by groups like the Abu Sayaff , MILF, or even political opponents. How then do we distinguish these crimes, especially in determining jurisdiction of special courts? 2. The investigation, evidence-gathering, and the witness protection program of the State must be strengthened. A speedy and full investigation on the part of the police must be done. Also, the witnesses to these human rights crimes must be encouraged to testify, for they will have to go up against the police and the military. They must be assured that they will be protected during the investigation and the trial proceedings. 3. The possibility of putting up a multisectoral agency composed of representatives from the NGOs, civil society, military, police, church, media, and the judiciary. Such will focus solely on investigating such human rights crimes and serve as prosecutor. And this agency can report its findings to the court handling the case. 4. The need to educate and orient the police and military thru seminars about our laws on human rights, reminding them that the country is a civilian society and that the rights of the people to association, to privacy, to liberty, and to life, must be protected at all times. The police and military should act within the bounds of law and not attack indiscriminately whom they call insurgents.' 5. The judiciary will have to bring back the confidence of the people in it by speedily disposing cases involving human rights violations, holding the perpetrators fully accountable to the crimes. Incidentally, another thing to consider is this: If one is merely acting under the orders of a superior,' will the former be exculpated or will there be a solidary liability as principals? We hope that this summit will not turn out to be just rhetoric. The judiciary for sure is facing another challenge and expresses its cooperation to address the problem. The bottom line is actually the political will Are we ready to prosecute the top guns behind these human rights crimes? No to extrajudicial killings Tony Katigbak -INTROSPECTIVE (The Philippine Star) - August 10, 2016 - 12:00am At our regular village Sunday mass last week, I was listening intently to the parish priest's homily as he discussed

TMA04_B200B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TMA04_B200B - Essay Example Weber saw all large organisations as bureaucratic in nature and the need to control and regulate work routines. Emile Durkheim was much less concerned with matters of work and organisation than Weber and Marx (Lincoln, 2004) but did write substantially on culture, which has an indirect significance for the study of organisations. Weber argued that organizations are means of coordinating human activities and what they produce in a systematic way, and emphasized the role of controlling information in developing organisations as well as written rules related to its functioning. In short, his concept of the bureaucratic organisation is characterised by a clear hierarchical structure, rules and regulations, division of labour and specialisation etc. In a bureaucracy, roles and relationships are clearly defined, and it is based on a legal-rational type of authority derived â€Å"from the belief in the legitimacy of law† (Nickinovich, 2000, p. 267). Also in a bureaucracy, offices are clearly specified and officials are appointed on the basis of a contract being subject to a unified control and disciplinary system (Salaman reader, p. 98-99). Weber regarded bureaucracy as â€Å"the most efficient way of running large organisations† (Buchanan, 1997, p. 366) because of its rational basis, and likened them to sophisticated machines. He also associated it with precision, reliability and speed. It is the standardisation in terms of rules and procedures to govern employee behaviour and decisions taken according to set criteria, that gives bureaucracy its strength. This is because â€Å"rules serve to direct individual action in ways that promote the technical efficiency of the organisation† (Nickinovich, 2000, p. 268). Contrary to Weber regarding bureaucracy as efficient, in practice it is also considered to be inefficient, so much so that the term ‘bureaucracy’ now has some negative connotations as it did

E COMMERCE @ AMAZON OPM 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E COMMERCE @ AMAZON OPM 5 - Essay Example No geographical boundaries limit online transactions. Huge market penetration allows companies to gain popularity overnight without much cost. Another huge advantage that e-commerce has to offer is they can effectively evaluate the response to a particular campaign online with the help of tools like frequent visitors etc. Like any other business, online selling has its set of disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage is the lack of direct contact between the sales force and the customers. All the transactions take place online, limiting contact. Another disadvantage is the security issues that are rising in this medium of selling. With fraudulent activities on the rise, companies selling online now have to take expensive measures to protect the important credentials of their customers such as credit card numbers etc. These measures cannot be taken by small businesses limited on budgets and spending. Another important issue is the delivery of goods over the whole world. This problem however, has been counteracted by Amazon who now has alliances with different companies to deliver goods to various places all over the world. Also, perishable items have to be delivered on time, which requires exceptionally quick service. This problem has also been covered by Amazon as it is test marketing its service of de livering goods overnight in certain suburbs of Seattle. Books are one of the best selling products on Amazon.com. Many books are now available in formats which are downloadable. However, this phenomenon is not very popular. If online downloading of books start, Amazon will be faced by a downfall in sales and share price to a certain extent as one of their main products will not be available online. However, they can venture into this market of downloadable book purchase as well, to make up for the loss on their other sector. In short, Amazon has all the resources to venture into the market of downloadable books as well; they can take full