Legal Aspects Of U.s. Health Care Systems Administration

Legal Aspects of U.S. Health Care Systems Administration Professionalism in health care is of utmost importance, because it involves the delicate relationship between the caregiver, patient, and patient’s family. Patients often confront illness, social disruption, or any other life-changing event and are more often than not presented in a very vulnerable position. They expect healthcare professionals to handle their needs in an expert professional manner. â€Å"As a member of this profession, a physician must recognize responsibility to patients first and foremost, as well as to society, to other health professionals, and to self.† (Pozgar, 2012) This is why professional conduct plays such a critical role in today’s healthcare setting. The rapport established between the medical professional and patient is fundamental in providing success to the diagnosis and overall care of the patient. Patients are the most important individuals to any hospital system. Consumer awareness is at an all-time high, and the health care sector is not exempt from scrutiny. Ensuring patient satisfaction has become a strong focal point of many hospitals; they want patients to have a stellar experience from check-in. Overall, patient satisfaction is the key to maintaining a harmonious hospital-patient relationship. â€Å"A patient’s expression of satisfaction or dissatisfaction is a judgment on the quality of hospital care in all of its aspects. Whatever its strengths and limitations, patientShow MoreRelatedLegal Aspects Of U.s. Health Care System Administration1930 Words   |  8 PagesLegal Aspects of U.S. Health Care System Administration Martha L. Johnson Strayer University Professor: Anna Marie Miller Abstract This paper explores the importance of professionalism, ethical standards, professional conduct, and the importance of each in the health care system. 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Compensation Package Proposal Free Essays

Compensation is a very important aspect of the employee of a company; it seems important a well-defined compensation package is in place. â€Å"Compensation involves direct cash payments, indirect payments in the form of employee benefits, and incentives to motivate employees to strive for higher levels of productivity. † (Cascio, 2010, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Compensation Package Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now 413) It seems a compensation package will be different for each different career type but must always meet the needs of the employees and the organization. A proposal for a total compensation package for the information technology employees of Wal-Mart needs to be written. This proposal will include a description of the job group, a salary table for specific positions, a placement policy, benefits packages, and the way the plan is implemented by the organization. Job Group Information Technology Employees Information technology seems to be a field with rapid growth; according to Taylor (2010), careers in the IT world expects to grow 32% by 2018. It appears every company has some kind of computer related work involved to help the company succeed. â€Å"A strong background in the technical fundamentals of computer science and programming languages like Java, Microsoft. NET, and C++ are obviously important for success in the field. But a creative brain and an ambition to stay updated on the newest advances in the field — whether through books or training — are also key† (Taylor, 2010, para. 4). Information Technology also involves strong communication with others, creativity, the ability to work in a team, and a strong undergraduate background. Although much knowledge is need to succeed in IT, it appears the pay scale and advancement opportunities will pay off. Positions within this area of work include cyber-security, graphic design, technology architects, web page developers, and software engineers. Wal-Mart seems to be in search for technology employees. Technology is use in Wal-Mart to run the global market. Wal-Mart (2012) states that â€Å"[The company] is focused on developing new technologies to transform the way customers’ shop†¦we’re helping to improve operations, back-room systems and Wal-Mart’s world-class logistics network, speeding products to customers across the globe† (para. 1). Wal-Mart’s technology department makes up of 3,500 employees in the United States and 2,000 globally (Wal-Mart, 2012). Wal-Mart (2012) states that a career in the technology department of the company will offer an employee exciting projects, investments in new technology, training, development, and exposure. Wal-Mart seems to offer careers such as Software Quality Engineers, Sr. System Engineers, Software Developers, and Project Managers. Salary Table This salary table is created for the job group and specific positions offered by Wal- Mart. To determine where an employee would fall within the salary category, the guidelines are list below: Minimum- This is the entry level, this means the person fulfills the minimum job requirements. Level A- The employee has the experience and knowledge to master most of the duties in an independent manner. Usually, employees who fall in the Minimum and Level A stage are in their developmental phase because they are still learning. Level B- This employee is highly experience and his or her level of productivity exceeds the job requirements. Employees whose salary fall in an Level A and B are in the maturity phase because they have mastered the skills. Maximum- The employee is continuous producing results that are above the requirements. Employees in the level B and Maximum are in the leadership phase. They have demonstrated superior leadership skills and strong commitment to the organization. ProfileSoftware Quality EngineerMinimumLevel ALevel BMaximum Entry- Level $44,497$49,036$54,023$58,869 Mid- Level$54,498$60,978$68,095$76,144 Senior- Level$70,429$78,825$88,047$96,980 ProfileSystems EngineerMinimumLevel ALevel BMaximum Entry- Level$46, 419$50, 843$55,702$62,267 Mid- Level$56,277$62,815$69,996$77,381 Senior -Level$69,723$77,109$85,221$94,213 ProfileSoftware DevelopersMinimumLevel ALevel BMaximum Entry- Level$41,844$47,393$53,488$59,942 Mid- Level$54,916$62,019$69,821$78,016 Senior- Level$71,549$79,009$87,202$95,965 ProfileProject ManagerMinimumLevel ALevel BMaximum Entry- Level $42,248$50,143$58,815$68,409 Mid- Level$57,560$66,878$77,113$88,150 Senior -Level$70,110$79,759$90,356$102,019 Placement Packages Proper compensation is essential for members, staff, and organization so that it is a field of education and professional title of Employment Placement Specialist. Often times there can be an imbalance of effort in the workplace; qualified candidates need to be met with sufficient recompense. Pay structures can vary by hourly wage, tier, grade, salary or levels. Wal-mart’s employee compensation will be set at hourly rates depending on beginning and intermediate experience level and transition to salary for at the junior and senior levels. The range of experience with respect to compensation is as follows Beginner Zero-Two Years of Experience; High School Diploma or GED IntermediateTwo-Five Years of Experience; High School Diploma or GED; previous work experience; on the job experience Junior Five-Ten Years of Experience; High School Diploma or GED; College Degree; previous work experience; on the job experience Senior 10+ Years of Experience; High School Diploma or GED; College Degree Master’s level; previous work experience; on the job experience Compensation ranges will be discussed during interview process. Once a candidate is select, a definite wage will be set for beginning and intermediate positions. For junior and senior level a series of predetermined work related questions, including levels of education, work experiences, and qualifications will determine the salary offered. Employees will receive medical benefits and bonus or merit packages. Compensation levels and packages will be present to executive staff managers for approval or change, and incorporate necessary changes. In addition communication with HR is necessary for successful implementation and effective monitoring of process along with proper literature. Benefits Package As with any organization, Wal-Mart provides their employees with benefits packages that suit the needs of those who are involve. Some of the most popular benefits are those indirect and not of monetary value the way a salary or hourly pay is. Some of the more popular benefits are insurance, overtime, leave, flexible timing, and retirement. These options are more widely offered because of the long- term benefits of job stability and employee retention. When an employee offers a benefit that they may use in the future or take advantage of more often he or she may be more likely to appreciate his or her position. Perhaps the most important indirect benefit that many people take advantage of is insurance. By having coverage through their employer an individual would not have to worry about finding a third party and paying more for health care costs. â€Å"Insurance coverage, for instance, is often terribly expensive, so the company that offers medical and/or life insurance to employees as part of its benefits package is bestowing significant savings on those employees and their families† (Reference for Business, n. d). If Wal-Mart were to offer their full- time employees coverage that was affordable and widely accepted it is believe that many of their employees would have a better experience with their jobs. Although benefit packages, direct or indirect, are offers to employees as a positive incentive they can create obstacles when accepted. For instance, if an employee considers salary, exempt, they are not required to be paid overtime even if he or she has worked the hours. This might cause a problem between the employee and management because he or she are being overwork for no pay. Being paid overtime considers an indirect benefit because many employees, as with Wal-Mart, are not expected to work more than 40 hours a week. This same kind of issue may arise with an employee choosing to use the company insurance, which is a benefit for him or her. They may have needs, not covered in the policy that provides, and still have to pay more out-of- pocket than expected. The best way to avoid issues with indirect compensation is to be sure everything is explain, in writing, to the employee so that the employer is not at risk in the future of acquiring a fair labor law suit brought upon him or her. Wal-Mart should create a detailed benefits package for their employees to read and sign in acknowledgement. This will ensure that everything is understood and that all questions regarding the indirect compensation are asked and addressed appropriately. Conclusion Compensation was once the foremost attraction to a workplace. People traveled the traditional roadways of education with the ultimate destination of a first-rate job in their field with best reward. Today with elevated unemployment rates, a world crammed with terrorist, cancer, and other illness invasions, natural disasters, and plain old trigger happy citizens; qualified, unqualified, and over qualified candidates alike are seeking two for the price of one. A job to make ends meet while enjoying life and all its positive proffers. Whatever the reason is necessary that organizations meet the needs of its qualified candidates with fair and appropriate compensation be hourly wage, tier, grade, salary or level. Employees which are fairly compensate perform better in the workplace and in their personal lives. Work is not man’s punishment. It is his reward and his strength and his pleasure. † –George Sand ? References Cascio, W. (2010). Managing human resources (8th ed. ). New York , NY: McGraw-Hill. Taylor, M. (2010). The wall street journal. Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001 424052748704358904575478133397664058. html Reference for Business ( n. d). Employee benefits. Retrieved from http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/small/Di-Eq/Employee-Benefits. html Wal-Mart (2012). Retrieved from http://careers. walmart. com/careers-in-technology/ http://humanresources. about. com How to cite Compensation Package Proposal, Essay examples

Journal The American Society Of Nephrology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal The American Society Of Nephrology? Answer: Introduction A significant role is played by cost accounting in those business organizations which undertake manufacturing operations. The process of cost accounting includes classifying, analyzing, allocating, recoding and evaluation various option regarding course of action so that organizational cost can be controlled. Controlling the cost helps the organization to enhance profitability by reducing the operational cost. There are different kinds of costing systems which are preferred to be implemented by the companies which includes traditional costing system, Activity based costing (ABC) system and other. Another form of costing system is being implemented by the organizations in the contemporary situation, this is known as the Time Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC). However according to (ker Ad?gzel 2016) one of the most popular method among the organization in relation to cost accounting is the traditional costing method. It has also been stated by Kaplan et al (2014) that the organiza tion are subjected to significant shortcomings in the contemporary period in relation to the application of the Traditional method. Therefore the TDABC had been developed by Robert S. Kaplan and Steven R. Anderson in 2004 for the purpose of addressing the difficulties which are initiated through the Traditional method. The primary objective of the report is to evaluate and analyze the different aspects of TDABC and also suggest whether the implementation of TDABC is suitable or not. According to Cooper (2017) the management consultancy firm has the responsibility of suggesting the client an appropriate approach towards TDABC. The report also suggests features, comparison and description in relation to the diffident types of cost accounting methods (Weygandt, Kimmel Kieso 2015) Client Background Biopharm Australia is a pharmaceutical organization which operates in Australia. The organization has been established in the year 1980 (Schnsleben, 2016). The organization indulges in manufacturing of sulfated polysaccharides which is used for the purpose of making veterinary medicine. These products are used for treating joint diseases in dogs and horses which are non-infectious in nature (Zeng et al., 2014). The organization is licensed through Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) who is the official regulator of veterinary goods. In addition the company also indulges in the manufacturing of other supplies in relation to animal treatment (Cohen, 2014). The organization has to undergo large scale manufacturing process in order to make profit in the competitive market (Bing.com, 2018). Description of TDABC It is depicted through the above description that the process of TDABC has been initiated for the purpose of addressing the short coming of the traditional costing system and the ABC. With respect to the functioning of TDABC the assignment of cost resources is done directly in relation to cost objects through the support of two kinds of estimates. The first estimation is in relation to the cost per time unit towards resources supply capacity with respect to cost activities (Warren Jones 2018). The second estimation is in relation to the time units needed towards performing an activity (Johnson, 2014). There are six steps which have to be complied with in relation to the calculation of cost activities in TDABC. These steps are as follows 1st step- here the activities and services are identified 2nd step- here the total cost in relation to each resource group is estimated 3rd step- here the practical time capacity in relation to each resource group is done 4th step- here the unit cost of each resource group is calculated 5th step- here the time required for every activity is estimated 6th step- here the unit cost is multiplied in relation to every resource group to the estimated time in the activity Features of TDABC In relation to TDABC there are some specific features as it is a particular approach of costing. These are as follows With respect to the process of TDABC it is actually easy for the accountant in order to do the assignment of cost towards the different manufacturing activities. Moreover, the time required in relation to the process is significantly less (ker Ad?gzel, 2016). TDABC can be very easily integrated within the companys available or existing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system which is a huge boost to the process of manufacturing within the firm (Siguenza-Guzman et al., 2014). Through the help provided by the TDABC the monthly income is accurately generated by the production managers in relation to operations (ker Ad?gzel, 2016). The system of costing with respect to TDABC is regarded is having more efficiency as compared to the traditional costing system and the ABC as the manufacturing capacity in relation to the firm is properly utilized by the system (Siguenza-Guzman et al., 2014). Where the TDABC is implemented the production manger is able to effectively forecast the resource demands (ker Ad?gzel, 2016). Fast as well as inexpensive changes can be brought to the costing model through the implementation of TDABC (Siguenza-Guzman et al., 2014). Although small but significantly important sources of information is made available through the integration of TDABC to the managers which is required to address different problems arising from the process of manufacturing (ker Ad?gzel, 2016).. The methods can be implemented with easy and can be put to use in any form of industry (Siguenza-Guzman et al., 2014). The features which have been discussed above clearly depicts that the system of costing is superior to other forms of costing systems. Distinction According to Hardan Shatnawi (2013) there are major differences which the TDABC has is relation to the traditional costing method. In the same way the TDABC also have significant differences with ABC approach. The difference is depicted though the following discussion TDABC v ABC approach In response to an inaccurate method of the American Accounting Standards the ABC had been brought into the system. The major area of concern which is raised in relation to ABC is that its approach considers what has been done instead of which are the expenses (Rajabi Dabiri, 2012). To the contrary the primary area on which the TDABC works is in relation to identifying each departments or process capacity of allocating cost to the capacity of resource group over the cost objective derived from time needed for each activitys performance. With respect to the ABC, different types of cost drivers along with the total cost associated with activities can be depicted. The total cost which is related to an activity is considered as the cost pool and in addition the features through which the performance and cost of cost activities is affected is the cost driver feature of ABC (Hardan Shatnawi, 2013). When it comes to TDABC, where a decline is work demand has been identified in relation to a specific department, the organizational managers are provided support through the process of TDABC towards making an estimation of released quantity of resources (Hill et al., 2015). Therefore through the above discussion it can be implied that various characteristics of cost can be captured by the TDABC with support from the time equation. To the contrary under ABC approach the assignment of indirect cost is done towards the cost activities and subsequently on the cost objectives. Additionally with support from the cost drivers the allocation of indirect expenses is done on the cost activities. The TDABC approach helps the developed equation towards the assignment of time and cost in activities by emphasizing on each activities objective (Emblemsvg Bras, 2012). However where ABC and TDABC are involved the six stage process is used to carry out the calculations. Thus is evident that both the ABC and TDABC are entirely different. Traditional Costing Approach v TDABC The primary point of distinction between Traditional Cost Approach and TDABC is that the former is much more simple as compared to the latter. On one hand with respect to the TCS there is a need of used up resources and cost objectives towards the evaluation of different activities and in the other had when it comes to the TDABC the activities used un cost objective depends upon various cost activities (Rumble, 2012). An organization uses the TDABC system where there is a presence of high number of overheads as well as high amount of miscellaneous products. A need for accurate and highly reliable method in relation to operational cost management exists. On the other hand when it come to the TCS a single overhead pool is used which cannot be utilized for actual cost calculation. The process of TCS includes random cost objects allocation based on machine or labor hours (Cooper, 2017). The situation acts a primary difference between the two systems. The TDABC provides for the inclusion of identifiable products which include the arbitral collection of expenses like depreciation, salaries and others which are identifiable in the TCS. Moreover when to comes to TCS after the production of products have been completed the cost of production is derived by the accountants. On the other hand in TDABC pocket range and feedback from customers is used to determine the production cost. The cost of production is reduced through the implementation of TDABC which enhances the productivity (Cohen, 2014). TDABC application and Suitability The following discussion depicts the suitability of the TDABC in relation to manufacturing companies. One more primary advantage of applying the TDABC is the difference between capacity supplied and capacity used. The way of calculating the time required for continuing different activities and to establish a connection with clear calculation of cost giver strong insight to the mangers towards cost management. Thus in relation to this unused capacity can be reused and the organization may increase its work load (Rumble, 2012). The creation of proper insight is done by the application of TDABC in relation to various cost activities done through the company. A significant role is played towards the strategic decision making process by TDABC for the best results in manufacturing process as compared to the cost associated with the TCS. Thus where TDABC is not present organization would not be able to evaluate the effect of single activities on profitability. In addition the management is helped by the approach towards making an accurate and informed decision. The organization is able to identify complex process of businesses with TDABC support which make negotiation which customers possible (Carli Canavari, 2013). All areas of enterprise resources planning are covered by the system of TDABC and thus every transaction of the company is followed by accurate cost. Therefore an precise and correct picture in relation to the process of distribute cost to particular customers is shown by the approach (Hooze, 2013). The TDABC model can be updated easily with respect to the requirements of the company. The identification of cost opportunities is supported by the model of TDABC which leads to the enhancement of the overall process of production and well as the production capacity of organizations (Namazi, 2016). Form the above discussed point the feasibility of the TDABC is clearly shown. Where the TDABC is implemented in Biopharm Australia it will enhance the companys output and the production process through production cost reduction. The management of the company will be therefore provided with a proper insight in relation to companys nature of cost. Thus it can be evidently stated that the approach woud be suited to Biopharm Australia. Conclusion It is depicted through the above discussion that the process of TDABC has been initiated for the purpose of addressing the short coming of the traditional costing system and the ABC. The TDABC approach helps the developed equation towards the assignment of time and cost in activities by emphasizing on each activities objective. The TDABC provides for the inclusion of identifiable products which include the arbitral collection of expenses like depreciation, salaries and others which are identifiable in the TCS. An organization uses the TDABC system where there is a presence of high number of overheads as well as high amount of miscellaneous products. A need for accurate and highly reliable method in relation to operational cost management exists References Bing.com. (2018). Biopharm Australia | Australian Veterinary Association. [online] Available at: https://www.bing.com/cr?IG=0C11401183BE415E9C075CB3891E5C83CID=30FC2D3816156D6011F3264617BA6C93rd=1h=Aqg6lkMYQfTDXWWQ9mOXL5cpuBI76NnJwAp46EZkcvYv=1r=http%3a%2f%2fwww.ava.com.au%2fbain-fallon-2016-biopharmp=DevEx,5069.1 [Accessed 21 Jan. 2018]. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Cohen, M. X. (2014).Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice. MIT Press. Cooper, R. (2017).Target costing and value engineering. Routledge. DRURY, C. M. (2013).Management and cost accounting. Springer. Emblemsvg, J., Bras, B. (2012).Activity-based cost and environmental management: a different approach to ISO 14000 compliance. Springer Science Business Media. Frazier, W. E. (2014). Metal additive manufacturing: a review.Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,23(6), 1917-1928. Hardan, A. S., Shatnawi, T. M. (2013). Impact of applying the ABC on improving the financial performance in telecom companies.International Journal of Business and Management,8(12), 48. Hill, A., Khoo, S., Fortunak, J., Simmons, B., Ford, N. (2014). Minimum costs for producing hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals for use in large-scale treatment access programs in developing countries.Clinical Infectious Diseases,58(7), 928-936. Hooze, S. (2013). Designing time-driven activity-based costing systems.The routledge companion to cost management, 126. Johnson, P. F. (2014).Purchasing and supply management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kaplan, R. S., Witkowski, M., Abbott, M., Guzman, A. B., Higgins, L. D., Meara, J. G., ... Wertheimer, S. (2014). Using Time?Driven Activity?Based Costing to Identify Value Improvement Opportunities in Healthcare.Journal of Healthcare Management,59(6), 399-413. McLaughlin, N., Burke, M. A., Setlur, N. P., Niedzwiecki, D. R., Kaplan, A. L., Saigal, C., ... Kaplan, R. S. (2014). Time-driven activity-based costing: a driver for provider engagement in costing activities and redesign initiatives.Neurosurgical focus,37(5), E3. Namazi, M. (2016). Time-driven activity-based costing: Theory, applications and limitations.Iranian Journal of Management Studies,9(3), 457. ker, F., Ad?gzel, H. (2016). Time?driven activity?based costing: An implementation in a manufacturing company.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(3), 39-56. Rajabi, A., Dabiri, A. (2012). Applying activity based costing (ABC) method to calculate cost price in hospital and remedy services.Iranian journal of public health,41(4), 100. Rumble, G. (2012).The costs and economics of open and distance learning. Routledge. Rumble, G. (2012).The costs and economics of open and distance learning. Routledge. Schnsleben, P. (2016).Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Schulze, M., Seuring, S., Ewering, C. (2012). Applying activity-based costing in a supply chain environment.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), 716-725. Siguenza-Guzman, L., Van den Abbeele, A., Vandewalle, J., Verhaaren, H., Cattrysse, D. (2014). Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing to support library management decisions: A case study for lending and returning processes.The Library Quarterly,84(1), 76-98. Warren, C. S., Jones, J. (2018).Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons. Zeng, X., McMahon, G. M., Brunelli, S. M., Bates, D. W., Waikar, S. S. (2014). Incidence, outcomes, and comparisons across definitions of AKI in hospitalized individuals.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,9(1), 12-2

Surface Chemistry free essay sample

It is the phenomenon in which a substance is uniformly distributed all over the surface. Difference between adsorption and absorption: Absorption (i) It is the phenomenon in which a substance is uniformly distributed throughout the bulk of the solid. (ii) It is a bulk phenomenon. (iii) The concentration is uniform throughout the bulk of solid. Adsorption (i) The accumulation of molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid is termed as adsorption. (ii) It is a surface phenomenon. (iii) The concentration of adsorbate increases only at the surface of the adsorbent. 7. 8. Sorption: When adsorption and absorption take place simultaneously, it is called sorption. Enthalpy or heat of adsorption: Adsorption generally occurs with release in energy, i. e. , it is exothermic in nature. The enthalpy change for the adsorption of one mole of an adsorbate on the surface of adsorbent is called enthalpy or heat of adsorption. We will write a custom essay sample on Surface Chemistry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9. Types of adsorption: Get the Power of Visual Impact on your side Log on to www. topperlearning. com 2 a. Physical adsorption or physisorption: If the adsorbate is held on a surface of adsorbent by weak van der Waals’ forces, the adsorption is called physical adsorption or physisorption. . Chemical adsorption or chemisorption: If the forces holding the adsorbate are as strong as in chemical bonds, the adsorption process is known as chemical adsorption of chemisorption. It is highly specific (ii) It is irreversible (iii) The amount of gas adsorbed is not related to critical temperature of the gas. Physical adsorption (Physisorption) (i) It is non-specific (ii) It is reversible (iii) The amount of gas depends upon nature of gas, i. e. easily liquefiable gases like NH3, CO2, gas adsorbed to greater extent than H2 and He. Higher the critical temperature of gas, more will be the extent of adsorption. (iv) The extent of adsorption increases with increase in surface area, e. g. porous and finely divided metals are good adsorbents. (v) There are weak van der Waals’ forces of attraction between adsorbate and adsorbent. (vi) It has low enthalpy of adsorption (20 – 40 kJ mol-1) (vii) Low temperature is favourable. (viii) No appreciable activation energy is needed. (ix) It forms multimolecular layers. 11. (iv) It also increases with increase in surface area. v) There is strong force of attraction similar to chemical bond. (vi) It has enthalpy hea t of adsorption. High temperature is favourable. (viii) High activation energy is sometimes needed. (ix) It forms unimolecuar layers. Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids: a. Nature of adsorbate: Physical adsorption is non-specific in nature and therefore every gas gets adsorbed on the surface of any solid to a lesser or greater extent. However, easily liquefiable gases like NH3. HCl, CO2, etc. which have higher critical temperatures are absorbed to greater extent whereas H 2, O2, N2 etc. re adsorbed to lesser extent. The chemical adsorption being highly specific, therefore, a gas gets adsorbed Get the Power of Visual Impact on your side Log on to www. topperlearning. com 3 on specific solid only if it enters into chemical combination with it. b. Nature of adsorbent: Activated carbon, metal oxides like aluminum oxide, silica gel and clay are commonly used adsorbents. They have their specific adsorption properties depending upon pores. c. Specific area of the adsorbent: The greater the spec ific area, more will be the extent of adsorption. That is why porous or finely divided forms of adsorbents adsorb larger quantities of adsorbate. The pores should be large enough to allow the gas molecules to enter. d. Pressure of the gas: Physical adsorption increases with increase in pressure. 12. Adsorption isotherm: The variation in the amount of gas adsorbed by the adsorbent with pressure at constant temperature can be expressed by means of a curve is termed as adsorption isotherm. 13. Freundlich Adsorption isotherm: The relationship between x and m pressure of the gas at constant temperature is called adsorption isotherm and is given by ? k P 1 /n (n ? 1) m Where x- mass of the gas adsorbed on mass m of the adsorbent and the gas at a particular temperature k and n depends upon the nature of gas and the solid x first increases with increase in pressure at low pressure but becomes m independent of pressure at high pressure. Get the Power of Visual Impact on your side Log on to www. topperlearning.

Using zeitgeist Coherently

Using zeitgeist Coherently Using zeitgeist Coherently Using zeitgeist Coherently By Maeve Maddox Zeitgeist is one of those lovely German borrowings that packs into a single word a thought that would require several in English. Zeitgeist: [tsÄ «tgÄ «st, zÄ «tgÄ «st] n. The spirit or genius which marks the thought or feeling of a period or age. NOTE: In German, all nouns are capitalized. The OED capitalizes Zeitgeist; Merriam-Webster does not. German Zeit means time and Geist is cognate with our word ghost, which doesnt only mean the spirit of a person who has died, but can also mean an informing spirit, as in the term the Holy Ghost. Coined by Matthew Arnold in the 19th century to put a name on the spirit of social change and uncertainty that characterized the Victorian Age, zeitgeist has crept into the popular vocabulary where it is flung about without much thought as to what it means. A special interest group and Google have co-opted the word to special uses. Zeitgeist is the name attached to a movement launched by a group of social reformers who wish to reallocate world resources under a global government. Google has a statistics function called Zeitgeist that aggregates how often particular topics are searched over time. In the web context, a zeitgeist is an idea or image that is iconic of a particular moment. Some writers use it as a mere synonym for trend, or fad. Some plant it in the (usually) redundant phrase zeitgeist of the moment. Others, perhaps wishing to create a phrase on the model of Oprahs aha moment, talk about a zeitgeist moment. Here are some examples of the questionable use of zeitgeist: If it’s true that a taste for simple rustic dishes is emerging as the culinary zeitgeist of the moment, Trattoria San Pietro is likely to become even more popular than it already is. The Zeitgeist is getting all sticky. (Headline for an article about a trend to use use bees in the production of artwork.) Favorite Zeitgeist Moments (forum thread in which a zeitgeist moment is defined as Just little moments in any song that really grab your attention, even if you dont like the rest of the song its in.) The scoreboard flashed 715, fireworks erupted, the fans celebrated. Braves radio announcer Milo Hamilton famously captured the zeitgeist of the moment†¦ (Hank Aaron hitting his 715th home run)†¨ The only time it might make sense to talk about the zeitgeist of the moment would be in comparing the present age to a previous one, as Stephen Jay Gould does in The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: By contrast, the common themes behind the reformulations defended in this book all follow froma set of integrated approaches that strongly contribute to the Zeitgeist of our moment. Gould is clearly thinking of two Zeitgeists, Darwins and ours: Whatever the contribution of a Victorian Zeitgeist to Darwins thinking, or of a contemporary Zeitgeist to our revisions, the differences are testable Some popular writers do use zeitgeist in the sense of views associated with a particular period of time. Heres a reviewer of romance novels: I’m not sure why there’s this unwillingness to go along with the zeitgeist of the time in which the book was written, but instead to apply today’s standards of fashion or technology or pop culture as markers of timelessness. Stanislav Grof, writing about the biomechanical set designs of H. R. Giger, observes that the zeitgeist of the twentieth century is characterized by staggering technological progress that enslaved modern humanity in an internecine symbiosis with the world of machines. For Matthew Arnold, the 19th century author to whom we owe the term, the zeitgeist is much more than the prevailing world view at a given time in history. Its a force that influences events. A dehumanizing zeitgeist is something to be resisted. The OED gives this illustration of Arnolds first use of the word: I..took up Obermann, and refuged myself with him..against your Zeit Geist. Obermann was a book by French author Etienne Pivert de Senancour (1770-1846). Senancour disliked the trappings of civilization and sought tranquility in nature. Obermann is full of descriptions of Nature and praise of solitude. The quotation in the OED reference is from a letter to Arnolds friend Arthur Clough, who had written a poem that Arnold felt reflected the Victorian zeitgeist. In reading Obermann, Arnold was seeking refuge from a zeitgeist from which he felt alienated. To talk about a sports zeitgeist or a culinary zeitgeist, or a fashion zeitgeist when all one means is trend, is to waste a high-powered word. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Used To vs. Use To15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Artificial Intelligence System

Artificial Intelligence is an area of computer science that emphasizes in creating intelligent machines that behave and react like human being. The technology has become an important part of today’s industry. Research related with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized. Computers are designed with artificial intelligence in order to provide services like research, learning, planning and problem solving etc. (Hoffart et al., 2013). The main aim of AI is to understand the principle that helps in making the behavior intelligent through natural or artificial systems. This is possible through Natural and artificial agent analysis, Hypothesis that helps in constructing intelligent agents and through Computational systems. The researcher had used highly technical and specialized data in order to discuss the topic. Literature survey, applications of artificial intelligence, its future trends have been discussed in this report by the researcher According to Nilsson (2014), AI systems are used by engineers in order solve a large range of intractable problems. The level of AI increases with the level of competency in order to deal with difficult and with even more dangerous tasks which are done by humans in the form of artificial intelligence. The main advantage of the technology is that they are real time automated system but they support various types of techniques and methodologies including control theory. Whenever new and undiscovered lands like planets are explored, AI systems can be used because they work like a machine which does not have emotions. The main architecture, techniques, algorithm that is used for distributed AI systems includes control and decision support system. Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence for Gaming (Source: Millington & Funge, 2016, 527) On the other hand Millington and Funge (2016) discussed that there is no doubt that the technology can perform the entire task in a better way than humans, but the use of AI systems can cause harm. With the use of AI systems, unemployment is increasing at a faster rate. People are becoming jobless and as a result the technology has become the cause of mental illness and obesity for many human beings. The technology can cause massive destruction if it is used by wrong hands. As stated by Nastase and Strube (2013), AI machines can be able to do everything that is essentially required. One most important advantage of using artificial intelligence is that they do fewer mistakes as compared to human beings. They can act as 24/7 for children’s who are actually suffering from disabilities. Artificial intelligence helps in learning and teaching. It can be used as a fire alarming system in order to avoid crime. Figure 2: Type of Machine Learning (Artificial Intelligence) (Source: Nastase & Strube, 2013, pp- 81) On the other hand Millington and Funge (2016) stated that the organizations are fully dependent on AI systems. As a result if any problem occurs in the system then the system will create a huge problem as there is no backup technology in store of the organization, which they can use in need. The machine lacks the feeling of togetherness and sympathy, as they are a form of machine which works as human beings but they are actually not humans. There are many application of artificial intelligence. The applications are: An AI technique is used in natural language understanding:   The AI technology is used in image processing. The main aim of image processing is to identify the relation between different parts of an image. This is done by attaching a camera to a computer, so a computer can easily access visual images (Milne & Witten, 2013). This facility is given to the computers so that they can easily access and understand their surroundings. An AI technique is used in Network Intrusion Detection: Intrusion Detection System (IDS) technology uses various types of Artificial Intelligence technique in order to protect the computer and communication system from intrude (Nilsson, 2014). The system mainly helps in monitoring the events that mainly occurs in network and it also helps in designing and detecting the signs of intrusion. An AI technique is used in medical area: AI systems have the potential to be applied in any field of medical science. It is used in medical area as: An AI technique is used in Accounting Database: The problem in accounting database can be mitigated by using artificial technology. The main problem that is with accounting database is that humans cannot understand the process of computerized database. Integrating AI systems with the databases helps in assisting in investigation. The investigation includes large volumes data with or without the help of any decision maker (Hoffart et al., 2013). Thus, the system helps in analyzing and assisting the data for the users understanding and interpretation. By using artificial intelligence, information can be stored and retrieved in natural language. There are various techniques that are present in the system for assisting broader understanding of the events that are captured by the accounting systems (Hovy et al. 2013). The AI technology and the expert system works together helps in building the intelligence into the database for assisting the users. An AI technique is used in the Computer Games: A Computer game generally uses three dimensional games and complex worlds (Nastase & Strube (2013). When AI technology is put together with graphics rendering, then an expected worthwhile computer games can be produced. AI technology is one of the main parts of computer games. With the use of artificial intelligence computer games have became interesting (Charniak et al., 2014).   The AI system is mainly used in order to solve some of the problems that are related with computer games. Unit movement, analysis of the situation, learning, spatial reasoning, coordination with the group, allocation of resource and target selection are some of the units were AI mainly contributes. An AI technique is used in Natural language Understanding: AI technology is used for understanding different natural languages. In this system an effective programming is used in the computer. The program sets commands and accordingly the system works (Hoffart et al., 2013).   The main aim of the system is to enable people and language rather doing the same with the help of a programming language. An AI technique is used in Aviation: The technology is used in aviation in order to collect data from different flights. The technology uses programs for collecting and distributing information (Milne & Witten, 2013). The main aim of the system is to measure the performance of the system which is a type of fault analysis. In the next 10 years, AI will be able to communicate with human being in unstructured English which can be a text or voice. The other future trends of AI include: Information processing will be parallel: The system is aided with the help of chips custom for designing AI application in order to process large amount of data (Millington & Funge, 2016) Smarter gets redefined: This occurs with the advances in sensor, cloud and learning technology (Baarslag et al., 2013). Deep Learning: It includes processing of data that are raw. The raw data includes pictures, speech, natural language etc. It is concluded from the report that with the help of the artificial intelligence, information can be stored and retrieved. It is discussed that the different set of techniques that are present in the system for assisting broader understanding of the events. With the use of artificial intelligence computer games have became interesting. The analyzer concludes that the AI system is mainly used in order to solve some of the problems that are related with computer games.   In IDS technology uses various types of Artificial Intelligence technique for protecting the computer and communication system from intrusion. The system mainly helps in monitoring the events that mainly occurs in network and it also helps in designing and detecting the signs of intrusion. Baarslag, T., Fujita, K., Gerding, E. H., Hindriks, K., Ito, T., Jennings, N. R., ... & Williams, C. R. (2013). Evaluating practical negotiating agents: Results and analysis of the 2011 international competition.  Artificial Intelligence,  198, 73-103. Charniak, E., Riesbeck, C. K., McDermott, D. V., & Meehan, J. R. (2014).Artificial intelligence programming. Psychology Press Hoffart, J., Suchanek, F. M., Berberich, K., & Weikum, G. (2013). YAGO2: A spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia.  Artificial Intelligence,  194, 28-61. Hoffart, J., Suchanek, F. M., Berberich, K., & Weikum, G. (2013). YAGO2: A spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia.  Artificial Intelligence,  194, 28-61. Hovy, E., Navigli, R., & Ponzetto, S. P. (2013). Collaboratively built semi-structured content and Artificial Intelligence: The story so far.  Artificial Intelligence,  194, 2-27. Michalski, R. S., Carbonell, J. G., & Mitchell, T. M. (Eds.). (2013).  Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science & Business Media. Millington, I., & Funge, J. (2016).  Artificial intelligence for games. CRC Press. Millington, I., & Funge, J. (2016).  Artificial intelligence for games. CRC Press. Milne, D., & Witten, I. H. (2013). An open-source toolkit for mining Wikipedia.Artificial Intelligence,  194, 222-239. Nastase, V., & Strube, M. (2013). Transforming Wikipedia into a large scale multilingual concept network.  Artificial Intelligence,  194, 62-85. Nilsson, N. J. (2014).  Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann

Applied English and Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied English and Communications - Essay Example In addition, if one checks manuals of gadgets or equipment even if it is not made in the United States of America, it is evident that there is always an instruction part of the manual written always in English for the fact, that manufacturers are aware that this language is generally used by many individuals all throughout the world, it is also a better marketing strategy for products to be accessible for the majority of the public. English though may not be originally rooted in the ancestors of the people living in the United States of America; it has been broadly used by Americans since majority of the American population can remember. Baron termed English as the most powerful language on earth (440). It is fitting to make it the official language of the United States of America for as what Baron had stressed that English forms the glue that keeps Americans together (440). However, many still reject the idea of making English the official language of the United States for a variety of reasons; hence, others want to ban English entirely like what Baron (440-442) suggested in his work. First, Baron believes that a common language can often be the usual cause of conflict and argument (441). He cited examples like what happened in Ireland and Northern Ireland, North and South Korea, the Union and the Confederacy where civil wars and conflicts are present. Baron further adds that banning English would avoid this type of partition in America at present (441). Contrary to this argument, I believe that misunderstanding can happen whether or not people use a common language or not, the popular conflicts in history involve persons of different cultures and beliefs; hence, people who use different languages and it is a fact that miscommunication is often the root of confusion. How can one stop disagreement and encourage conversation and peace when people just cannot merely understand each other? Second, Baron emphasized that if English was banned, the United States of A merica would not have to worry what kind of English, i.e. the English of England or America, the English of New York or Chicago, the English of Ross Perot or William Buckley, will be its official language (441). This however was contradicted in a way by Lewis in his work that what should be utilized as the official language of the United States of America is the Standard English (436). English should also be forbidden for the fact that no one barely reads it or even spell it, according to Baron, even English instructors have come to rely on computer spell checkers. He further adds that it is not a pure language anymore since most of its words were a product of the combination of different languages like French, Latin, Italian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Latin, Celtic, Yiddish, Chinese and Scandinavian. Moreover, English is becoming a world language. It is starting to be on everybody’s tongue and then one day people will just wake up that it is no longer existing just like what happene d to the universal languages in world history such as Latin, Greek and Indo-European and to prevent this kind of future disappointment, it would be better to simply ban English (Baron 442). I think that the said languages failed to continue its existence on every human being’s tongue for many different factors, such as probably another language was proven more effective; the real cause however, will still be unknown. In the end, Baron however, indirectly showed that English is irreplaceable and his statements